Introduction: Vitamin D plays an important role in brain development in experimental studies; however, the effect of vitamin D deficiency on child development remains inadequately characterized.
We aimed to estimate the effects of vitamin D deficiency on neurobehavioural outcomes in children up to 18 years of age.
Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Open Grey for published studies up to 10th January 2020. We included all studies that assessed the effects of maternal or child vitamin D status or vitamin D supplementation on neurobehavioural outcomes in children. Study findings were synthesized qualitatively as the high level of heterogeneity in study populations and methodologies precluded a quantitative meta-analysis.
Results: Our search identified 5,633 studies, of which 32 studies with 31,445 participants from 18 countries were included in the systematic review. Of the studies identified, two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D supplementation in children, while 30 were observational. One RCT (n=55) reported a beneficial effect of supplementation with lower doses compared to higher doses of vitamin D on motor development while the other RCT (n=70) found no beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on cognition in extremely preterm infants.
Twelve mother-child studies (n=17,136) and five studies in children (n=1,091) reported an association between low maternal or child 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and impaired neurobehavioural outcomes in children, while 15 mother-child studies (n=20,778) and eight studies in children (n=7,496) reported no association.
AAI-101 |
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527715 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 120 |
NLX-101 |
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532353 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 150 |
UCPH-101 |
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532868 | MedKoo Biosciences | 50.0mg | EUR 350 |
CUDC-101 |
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1966-25 | Biovision | each | EUR 666 |
CUDC-101 |
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1966-5 | Biovision | each | EUR 242.4 |
JI-101 |
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201611 | MedKoo Biosciences | 25.0mg | EUR 250 |
AT-101 |
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2380-25 | Biovision | each | EUR 607.2 |
AT-101 |
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2380-5 | Biovision | each | EUR 196.8 |
CUDC-101 |
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200841 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 90 |
MG-101 |
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406548 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 150 |
ULK-101 |
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407951 | MedKoo Biosciences | 500.0mg | EUR 3650 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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B7762-100 | ApexBio | 100 mg | EUR 164.4 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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B7762-25 | ApexBio | 25mg | EUR 73 |
Description: Fluorescent dye, selective astrocyte marker |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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B7762-250 | ApexBio | 250 mg | EUR 308.4 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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B7762-500 | ApexBio | 500 mg | EUR 468 |
AS 101 |
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B7830-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 175 |
Description: Immunomodulator |
AS 101 |
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B7830-5 | ApexBio | 5 mg | EUR 205.2 |
Description: Ammonium tri-chloro(dioxoethylene-O,O?-)tellurate (AS-101), an anti?IL-10 compound, is a nontoxic immunomodulator.AS101 (0.43222.5 ?g/ml) decreased IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner. |
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B7830-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 737 |
Description: Immunomodulator |
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B7084-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 270 |
Description: nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor antagonist |
Trap 101 |
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B7084-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 1635.6 |
KHS-101 |
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B2415-25 | Biovision | each | EUR 705.6 |
KHS-101 |
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B2415-5 | Biovision | each | EUR 222 |
GlyH-101 |
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B1087-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 100 |
Description: CFTR Inhibitor II |
GlyH-101 |
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B1087-5.1 | ApexBio | 10 mM (in 1mL DMSO) | EUR 68 |
Description: CFTR Inhibitor II |
GlyH-101 |
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B1087-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 420 |
Description: CFTR Inhibitor II |
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B2291-25 | Biovision | each | EUR 757.2 |
LOXO-101 |
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B5128-1 | ApexBio | 1 mg | EUR 449 |
Description: selective and competitive silent antagonist for the NOP opioid receptor |
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B6176-100 | ApexBio | 100 mg | EUR 446 |
Description: tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRK) inhibitor |
LOXO-101 |
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B6176-25 | ApexBio | 25 mg | EUR 166 |
Description: tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRK) inhibitor |
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B6176-5 | ApexBio | 5 mg | EUR 54 |
Description: tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRK) inhibitor |
UCF 101 |
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C4437-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 110 |
Description: inhibitor of the proteolytic activity of Omi/HtrA2 |
UCF 101 |
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C4437-25 | ApexBio | 25 mg | EUR 242 |
Description: inhibitor of the proteolytic activity of Omi/HtrA2 |
UCF 101 |
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C4437-5 | ApexBio | 5 mg | EUR 77 |
Description: inhibitor of the proteolytic activity of Omi/HtrA2 |
CAL-101 |
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C124800 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 241 |
Description: 870281-82-6 |
GlyH-101 |
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510335 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 120 |
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522413 | MedKoo Biosciences | 5.0mg | EUR 365 |
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A4092-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 60 |
Description: Multitargeted HDAC inhibitor |
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A4092-200 | ApexBio | 200 mg | EUR 616 |
Description: Multitargeted HDAC inhibitor |
CUDC-101 |
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A4092-5.1 | ApexBio | 10 mM (in 1mL DMSO) | EUR 75 |
Description: Multitargeted HDAC inhibitor |
CUDC-101 |
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Description: Multitargeted HDAC inhibitor |
CUDC-101 |
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A4092-S | ApexBio | Evaluation Sample | EUR 22 |
Description: Multitargeted HDAC inhibitor |
AT-101 |
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A3196-10 | ApexBio | 10 mg | EUR 84 |
Description: BH3-mimetic,gossypol enantiomer |
AT-101 |
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A3196-50 | ApexBio | 50 mg | EUR 264 |
Description: BH3-mimetic,gossypol enantiomer |
ARP 101 |
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A4433-5 | ApexBio | 5 mg | EUR 237 |
Description: MMP inhibitor,potent and selective |
UCF-101 |
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562425 | MedKoo Biosciences | 5.0mg | EUR 220 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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80101-1 | Biotium | EA | EUR 228 |
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JI-101 |
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HY-16265 | MedChemExpress | 10mM/1mL | EUR 297.6 |
GlyH-101 |
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MG-101 |
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HY-101878 | MedChemExpress | 25mg | EUR 142.8 |
CUDC-101 |
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HY-10223 | MedChemExpress | 50mg | EUR 404.4 |
UCPH-101 |
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Sulforhodamine 101 |
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GT6456-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 135.6 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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GT6456-100MG | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 mg | EUR 189.6 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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GT6456-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 318.6 |
JI-101 |
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J210340 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 103 |
Description: 900573-88-8 |
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P215180 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 1800 |
Description: 67888-96-4 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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S689120 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 546 |
Description: 60311-02-6 |
KHS 101 |
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KHS 101 |
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KHS 101 |
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KHS 101 |
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IAXO-101 |
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IAXO-101 |
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IAXO-101 |
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IAXO-101 |
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IAXO-101 |
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JI-101 |
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JI-101 |
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JI-101 |
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JI-101 |
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JI-101 |
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Yellow 101 |
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Yellow 101 |
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Yellow 101 |
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Yellow 101 |
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MAL3-101 |
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MAL3-101 |
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Description: MAL3-101 |
MAL3-101 |
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MAL3-101 |
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MAL3-101 |
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Mvt 101 |
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Description: Mvt 101 |
Mvt 101 |
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Description: Mvt 101 |
Mvt 101 |
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Description: Mvt 101 |
Mvt 101 |
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Description: Mvt 101 |
Mvt 101 |
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GlyH-101 |
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Description: GlyH-101 |
GlyH-101 |
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Description: GlyH-101 |
GlyH-101 |
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Description: GlyH-101 |
GlyH-101 |
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Description: GlyH-101 |
GlyH-101 |
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Description: GlyH-101 |
JTK-101 |
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Description: JTK-101 |
JTK-101 |
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Description: JTK-101 |
JTK-101 |
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JTK-101 |
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Description: JTK-101 |
JTK-101 |
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T24221-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: JTK-101 |
RB 101 |
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T26048-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: RB 101 |
RB 101 |
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T26048-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: RB 101 |
RB 101 |
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T26048-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: RB 101 |
RB 101 |
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T26048-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: RB 101 |
RB 101 |
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T26048-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: RB 101 |
CUMI-101 |
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T27100-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: CUMI-101 |
CUMI-101 |
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T27100-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: CUMI-101 |
CUMI-101 |
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T27100-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: CUMI-101 |
CUMI-101 |
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T27100-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: CUMI-101 |
CUMI-101 |
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T27100-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: CUMI-101 |
AV-101 |
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T26686-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: AV-101 |
AV-101 |
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T26686-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: AV-101 |
AV-101 |
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T26686-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: AV-101 |
AV-101 |
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T26686-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: AV-101 |
AV-101 |
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T26686-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: AV-101 |
AVN-101 |
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T26690-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: AVN-101 |
AVN-101 |
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T26690-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: AVN-101 |
AVN-101 |
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T26690-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: AVN-101 |
AVN-101 |
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T26690-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: AVN-101 |
AVN-101 |
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T26690-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: AVN-101 |
KRP-101 |
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T27746-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: KRP-101 |
KRP-101 |
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T27746-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: KRP-101 |
KRP-101 |
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Description: KRP-101 |
KRP-101 |
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Description: KRP-101 |
KRP-101 |
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T27746-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: KRP-101 |
LEI-101 |
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T27809-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: LEI-101 |
LEI-101 |
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T27809-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: LEI-101 |
LEI-101 |
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Description: LEI-101 |
LEI-101 |
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Description: LEI-101 |
LEI-101 |
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Description: LEI-101 |
CUDC-101 |
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T3108-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: CUDC-101 |
CUDC-101 |
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Description: CUDC-101 |
CUDC-101 |
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Description: CUDC-101 |
CUDC-101 |
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Description: CUDC-101 |
CUDC-101 |
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Description: CUDC-101 |
UCF 101 |
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T21919-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
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UCF 101 |
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Description: UCF 101 |
UCF 101 |
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UCF 101 |
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Description: UCF 101 |
UCF 101 |
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Description: UCF 101 |
ARP 101 |
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Description: ARP 101 |
ARP 101 |
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T22034-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: ARP 101 |
ARP 101 |
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T22034-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: ARP 101 |
ARP 101 |
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Description: ARP 101 |
ARP 101 |
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T22034-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: ARP 101 |
UK-101 |
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T13247-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: UK-101 |
UK-101 |
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T13247-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: UK-101 |
UK-101 |
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T13247-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: UK-101 |
UK-101 |
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T13247-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: UK-101 |
UK-101 |
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T13247-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: UK-101 |
EHP-101 |
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T13289-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: EHP-101 |
EHP-101 |
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T13289-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: EHP-101 |
EHP-101 |
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Description: EHP-101 |
EHP-101 |
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Description: EHP-101 |
EHP-101 |
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Description: EHP-101 |
ORIC-101 |
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Description: ORIC-101 |
ORIC-101 |
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T16404-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: ORIC-101 |
ORIC-101 |
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Description: ORIC-101 |
ORIC-101 |
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Description: ORIC-101 |
ORIC-101 |
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Description: ORIC-101 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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Description: Sulforhodamine 101 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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Description: Sulforhodamine 101 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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Sulforhodamine 101 |
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Description: Sulforhodamine 101 |
Sulforhodamine 101 |
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Description: Sulforhodamine 101 |
Trap 101 |
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T718518 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 9200 |
Description: 1216621-00-9 |
MG-101 |
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Description: MG-101 |
MG-101 |
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Description: MG-101 |
MG-101 |
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Description: MG-101 |
MG-101 |
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Description: MG-101 |
MG-101 |
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Description: MG-101 |
CAL-101 |
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Description: CAL-101 |
CAL-101 |
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Description: CAL-101 |
CAL-101 |
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CAL-101 |
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Description: CAL-101 |
CAL-101 |
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RG-101 |
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RG-101 |
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Description: RG-101 |
RG-101 |
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Description: RG-101 |
RG-101 |
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Description: RG-101 |
RG-101 |
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ULK-101 |
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Description: ULK-101 |
ULK-101 |
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Description: ULK-101 |
ULK-101 |
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Description: ULK-101 |
ULK-101 |
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Description: ULK-101 |
ULK-101 |
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Description: ULK-101 |
UCPH-101 |
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Description: UCPH-101 |
UCPH-101 |
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Description: UCPH-101 |
Conclusions: Although animal studies point to an effect of vitamin D deficiency on brain development, there are few studies on the effects of vitamin D deficiency on neurobehavioural outcomes in children and their findings are inconsistent. There is a need for well-conducted, adequately powered studies to further determine these effects in children.
Registration: PROSPERO ID CRD42018087619; registered on 15 February 2018.